Low calorie restriction diet
05 or less was considered to indicate statistical significance. (2011) Efficacy and tolerability of the Modified Atkins Diet in adults with pharmacoresistant epilepsy: A prospective observational study. Methods Eligibility and Study Design We conducted the trial between July 2005 and June 2007 in Dimona, Israel, in a workplace at a research center with an on-site medical clinic. V. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 69, 3-12. (2011) Dietary hyperglycemia, glycemic index and metabolic retinal diseases. McGrane, Alan Dardik, Maria Luz Fernandez. Many of our subjects were taking lipid-lowering medications and hypoglycemic agents. g. Wang, Rebecca L. S. Brinkworth. Miller III, Rick Stein, Sam Klein, Gary D. (2011) Change in Food Cravings, Food Preferences, and Appetite During a Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diet. (2010) The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome. CrossRef 90 C D Gardner. (2014) Specific Dietary Carbohydrates Differentially Influence the Life Span and Fecundity of Drosophila melanogaster. (2010) Macronutrients, Weight Control, and Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Review. J. Fine, C. CrossRef 86 T P Wycherley, G D Brinkworth, P M Clifton, M Noakes. Gower. For comparison of continuous variables between the two groups, we calculated the change from base line to six months in each subject and compared the mean changes in the two diet groups using an unpaired t-test. Is hypertriglyceridemia a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. (2014) Favorable effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate dietary patterns on serum leptin, but not adiponectin, among overweight and obese premenopausal women: a randomized trial. CrossRef 113 Lisa A Te Morenga, Megan T Levers, Sheila M Williams, Rachel C Brown, Jim Mann. Gosby, A. S. Inclusion criteria were an age of at least 18 years and a body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of at least 35. Although enrolling these subjects introduced confounding variables, it allowed the inclusion of subjects with the obesity-related medical disorders typically encountered in clinical practice. Rovenko, I. Wadden. CrossRef 79 C. H. (2011) Longitudinal Association between Animal and Vegetable Protein Intake and Obesity among Men in the United States: The Chicago Western Electric Study. B. CrossRef 170 David J. Webb, Thomas A. CrossRef 100 Takashi Yamaguchi, Yoh Miyashita, Atsuhito Saiki, Fusako Watanabe, Hitoshi Watanabe, Kohji Shirai. Puddey, Sofia Sipsas, Jonathan M. Diets. CrossRef 106 Jay Kandiah, Dawn Brinson, Valerie Amend. van Vught, Margriet S. K. Thom, Hans-Peter Kubis. CrossRef 126 Bernard M. CrossRef 141 Amin Esfahani, Julia M. Vegetables and fruits with high ratios of fiber to carbohydrate were recommended. The Mediterranean-diet group consumed the largest amounts of dietary fiber and had the highest ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fat (P Full Text of Results. Westerterp, Anneke J. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 32, 11-17. (2010) High-intensity exercise and carbohydrate-reduced energy-restricted diet in obese individuals. 2012. The primary analysis included all 132 subjects: the 79 subjects who completed the study, the 29 subjects who dropped out but had six-month data available from records of routine office visits, and the 24 subjects for whom the weight recorded at the last follow-up visit was carried forward. I. 2011. (2011) Fad Diets in the Treatment of Diabetes. Bessesen. Miller. Thomas, Daniel H. However, even after adjustment for the differences in weight loss between the groups, assignment to the low-carbohydrate diet predicted greater improvements in triglyceride levels and insulin sensitivity. Haddad. CrossRef 34 Jaap Keijer, Femke Hoevenaars, Arie Nieuwenhuizen, Evert van Schothorst. CrossRef 57 Yan Song, Simon Liu. Relationship between insulin resistance and an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. (2016) Changes in liking for sweet and fatty foods following weight loss in women are related to prop phenotype but not to diet. McKinley, Steven J. (2011) Meta-analysis of studies of a specific delivery mode for a modified-carbohydrate diet. CrossRef 83 G. Ryan. CrossRef 67 Riccardo Dalle Grave, Simona Calugi, Ilaria Gavasso, Marwan El Ghoch, Giulio Marchesini. Nunes. Coronary heart disease in patients with low LDL-cholesterol: benefit of pravastatin in diabetics and enhanced role for HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides as risk factors. A. (2011) Healthy lifestyle interventions in general practice: Part 14: Lifestyle and obesity. V. M. (2011) The application of the glycemic index and glycemic load in weight loss: A review of the clinical evidence. V. He, T. Indira Paharia, Larina Kase. CrossRef 156 Gal Dubnov-Raz, Elliot M. Appetite, Body Weight, Health Implications of a Low-Glycemic-Load Diet. CrossRef 22 Harry Preuss, Debasis Bagchi, Dallas Clouatre, Anand Swaroop, Nicholas Perricone. 12 Missing waist sizes were imputed by linear extrapolation on the basis of height and weight. Proteins, amino acids, and type 2 diabetes. Tonstad, N. (2015) Interplay between Proteins and Metabolic Syndrome- A Review. 2013. (2013) Dietary composition of carbohydrates contributes to the development of experimental type 2 diabetes. A Guide to Evidence-based Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 444-470. (2014) Return of hunger following a relatively high carbohydrate breakfast is associated with earlier recorded glucose peak and nadir. Matthews, Samuel A. Subjects in this group may have experienced greater satiety on a diet with liberal proportions of protein and fat. S. Obesity. B. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 55, 191-195. e1. However, the explanation for this difference is not clear. Carbohydrates and satiety. Wadden. Dichotomous variables were compared by chi-square analysis. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 57, 383-393. Article Activity 517 articles have cited this article Article The differences in health benefits between a carbohydrate-restricted diet and a calorie- and fat-restricted diet are of considerable public interest. W. The greater weight loss in the low-carbohydrate group suggests a greater reduction in overall caloric intake, rather than a direct effect of macronutrient composition. Wong, Arash Mirrahimi, Chris R. Potential of Diet and Dietary Supplementation to Ameliorate the Chronic Clinical Perturbations of Metabolic Syndrome. Whybrow. Nguyen, Shahad Abdulnour, Korbua Srichaikul, Leanne Shamrakov, Ambika Dewan, John L. Contribution of abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia to impaired fasting glucose and coronary artery disease. Collins, Susan L. Abstract Background The effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet on weight loss and risk factors for atherosclerosis have been incompletely assessed. CrossRef 43 Heinrich Kasper. Cuevas, Fatima Rodriguez. Siri-Tarino. CrossRef 96 K. Malik, E. Triglyceride, insulin, and glucose levels were skewed and were therefore log-transformed for analysis. CrossRef 39 S. Korean Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 14, 350. (2012) Lifestyle Modifications and Surgical Options in the Treatment of Patients with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. CrossRef 85 Peter Clifton. The Journal of Pediatrics 161, 320-327. Daviglus, Linda Van Horn, Ka He, Jeremiah Stamler. Shikany, R. CrossRef 7 Chikako Oyabu, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Takuya Fukuda, Muhei Tanaka, Mai Asano, Masahiro Yamazaki, Michiaki Fukui. Thijssen, Frank van Berkum, Margriet S. Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Human Health and Disease Prevention, 327-340. 2011. Hodgson, B. Esteves, A. CrossRef 151 S. C. N. 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(2016) The Role of Macronutrient Content in the Diet for Weight Management. Conigrave, D. Samuel. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were calculated according to the Friedewald formula. One subject on the low-carbohydrate diet died from complications of hyperosmolar coma, which was thought to be due to poor compliance with drug therapy for diabetes. (2016) Impact of low-carbohydrate diet on renal function: a meta-analysis of over 1000 individuals from nine randomised controlled trials. Allison. CrossRef 165 T. McDoniel, Patricia Wolskee, Jeff Shen. Friedman, L. (2016) Influence of a low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial microvesicles in overweight women. Insulin sensitivity was measured only in subjects without diabetes. CrossRef 131 Richard D. (2011) Differential effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on inflammation and endothelial function in diabetes. (2012) The role of high-protein diets in body weight management and health. (2013) A randomized trial of energy-restricted high-protein versus high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in morbid obesity. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 24, 525-535. There was a consistent trend across weight-loss strata toward a greater increase in insulin sensitivity in the low-carbohydrate group, although these changes were small and were not significant within each stratum. Obesity. The subjects assigned to the low-carbohydrate diet were instructed to restrict carbohydrate intake to 30 g per day or less. Poddar, Meghan Ames, Chen Hsin-Jen, Mary Jo Feeney, Youfa Wang, Lawrence J. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). CrossRef 89 Stacey Bell. Lemmens, Jolande Scholte, Myriam A. CrossRef 61 P Sumithran, L A Prendergast, E Delbridge, K Purcell, A Shulkes, A Kriketos, J Proietto. 2013. Berry. CrossRef 160 Mary Vernon, James Wortman. Desmond, R. CrossRef 137 Osamu EZAKI. Horgan, S. Diet, Physical Activity, and Substrate Oxidation. Dashti. Yancy. 2010. CrossRef 111 Kyung-Won Paek, Ki-Hong Chun. Satiation, Satiety and the Control of Food Intake, 166-181. Endocrine Secrets, 78-89. The more favorable effects on lipids (with the low-carbohydrate diet) and on glycemic control (with the Mediterranean diet) suggest that personal preferences and metabolic considerations might inform individualized tailoring of dietary interventions. (2015) Development and Application of Low-Carbohydrates and Low-Simple Sugar Nutrition Education Materials for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients. By six months, 79 subjects remained in the study (36 in the low-fat group and 43 in the low-carbohydrate group). CrossRef 87 Amani Alhazmi, Elizabeth Stojanovski, Mark McEvoy, Manohar L. The participants were randomly assigned within strata of sex, age (below or above the median), BMI (below or above the median), history of coronary heart disease (yes or no), history of type 2 diabetes (yes or no), and current use of statins (none, The members of each of the three diet groups were assigned to subgroups of 17 to 19 participants, with six subgroups for each group. CrossRef 110 Adriana Branchi, Adriana Torri, Cristina Berra, Emanuela Colombo, Domenico Sommariva. Kelly. (2016) Long-term ketogenic diet contributes to glycemic control but promotes lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetic mice. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111:8, 1150-1155. Rao, Beverly J. (2012) Macronutrient Intakes and Development of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. (2015) Effect of low-fat diet interventions versus other diet interventions on long-term weight change in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. L. (2015) Choosing Healthy Fats. Wycherley, G. Subjects who lost more than 5 percent of their base-line weight on a carbohydrate-restricted diet had greater decreases in triglyceride levels than those who lost a similar amount of weight while following a calorie- and fat-restricted diet. Keogh, M. Kendall. Yamazaki, M. 6 No instruction on restricting total fat intake was provided. (2014) Protein leverage and energy intake. (2013) Diets for body weight control and health: the potential of changing the macronutrient composition. Citing Articles 1 Wenpeng You, Maciej Henneberg. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. CrossRef 103 Regina Belski. (2011) Moderating Effects of Interactions Between Dietary Intake and Socioeconomic Status on the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome. (2016) Impact of low-carbohydrate diet on body composition: meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Tepper. Brinkworth, J. (2011) The Dietary Treatment of Obesity. Our study included a high proportion of black subjects, a group previously underrepresented in lifestyle-modification studies. CrossRef 53 2013. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. Keogh, G. There were no other significant differences in weight loss between the groups. (2010) Efficacy and Safety of a High Protein, Low Carbohydrate Diet for Weight Loss in Severely Obese Adolescents. CrossRef 163 Jung Sub Lim, Michele Mietus-Snyder, Annie Valente, Jean-Marc Schwarz, Robert H. A review of very low carbohydrate diets for weight loss. Powers, W. Jenkins, Arash Mirrahimi, Tri H. Lushchak. Comprehensive Handbook of Clinical Health Psychology, 81-103. Bontempo, Abdissa Negassa, Joseph A. CrossRef 102 Kevin J. Ketheesan, J. Diabetes Pathophysiology. Vetter, David B. Wycherley, M. Wood. CrossRef 11 Xiaoyu Zhang, Juliang Qin, Yihan Zhao, Jueping Shi, Rong Lan, Yunqiu Gan, Hua Ren, Bing Zhu, Min Qian, Bing Du. (2011) Drug Treatment for Obesity in the Post-Sibutramine Era. Quintana, Nancy E. Poppitt. Johnson. Abeyta, Boris Draznin, Marc-Andre Cornier. CrossRef 116 Mark Hopkins, Neil King, John Blundell. da Costa Pereira, W. (2014) A high-fibre bean-rich diet versus a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. (2010) Presence or absence of carbohydrates and the proportion of fat in a high-protein diet affect appetite suppression but not energy expenditure in normal-weight human subjects fed in energy balance. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Abdominal Obesity, 447-458. (2010) Treating obesity with a novel hand-held device, computer software program, and Internet technology in primary care: The SMART motivational trial. The very early dropout of these subjects may indicate that attrition most closely reflected base-line motivation to lose weight, rather than a response to the dietary intervention itself. McDoniel, R. CrossRef 65 K. S. (2016) Effects of the difference between actual body condition and body image perception on nutrient intake, weight control and mental health in Korean adults: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. (2012) Formula Diet is Effective for the Reduction and Differentiation of Visceral Adipose Tissue in Zucker Fatty Rats. Clifton, X. (2012) Almonds for Nutritious and Delightful Breakfast Cereals. Foster. Cross, Michael Harrison. 8 Serum insulin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (Laboratory Corporation of America). CrossRef 66 Judith Wylie-Rosett, Karin Aebersold, Beth Conlon, Carmen R. Effect of 6-month adherence to a very low carbohydrate diet program. (2014) Nutrigenomics of Body Weight Regulation: A Rationale for Careful Dissection of Individual Contributors. (2012) Effects of a high protein diet on body weight and comorbidities associated with obesity. No adverse effects on other serum lipid levels were observed. CrossRef 169 Rachel Golan, Dan Schwarzfuchs, Meir J Stampfer, Iris Shai. (2015) The 2012 University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences centenary debate. CrossRef 68 Cecilia C. 2014. CrossRef 25 Harry Preuss, Dallas Clouatre. Villa, Cyril W. (2010) Optimal dietary approaches for prevention of type 2 diabetes: a life-course perspective. (2014) Weight Loss, Glycemic Control, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Response to Differential Diet Composition in a Weight Loss Program in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. A. CrossRef 58 Tugrul Purnak, Yusuf Yilmaz. Rood, Donna H. CrossRef 54 Masahiro Yuasa, Tomoyoshi Matsui, Saori Ando, Yoshie Ishii, Hiromi Sawamura, Shuhei Ebara, Toshiaki Watanabe. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research Volume 66, 147-215. McCUTCHEON, R. (2016) Meta-analysis of variance: an illustration comparing the effects of two dietary interventions on variability in weight. During an enrollment period that lasted from May to November 2001, 132 subjects from the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center were randomly assigned to either the low-carbohydrate diet or the low-fat diet, with use of a preestablished algorithm generated from a random set of numbers. Oyabu, M. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 1605-1632. CrossRef 82 Eugene J. Long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in people with hypertension. (2015) Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome—Position Paper of the Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver, Endocrine Society of India, Indian College of Cardiology and Indian Society of Gastroenterology. CrossRef 42 Haruka Noto, Katsutoshi Tokushige, Etsuko Hashimoto, Makiko Taniai, Keiko Shiratori. O.
4% at 1 year and 84. (2014) Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet and Acute Coronary Syndrome. Adochio, J. M. Brand-Miller. CrossRef 136 Jung-Eun Yim, Young-Seol Kim, Mi-Ran Cho, Ryowon Choue. (2011) Ratio of fat to energy intake independently associated with the duration of diabetes and total cholesterol levels in type 2 diabetes. Noakes, P. CrossRef 127 Deborah Bujnowski, Pengcheng Xun, Martha L. By six months, seven subjects in the low-carbohydrate group had had dose reductions in oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. 6% at 2 years. (2013) Ketosis and appetite-mediating nutrients and hormones after weight loss. As compared with the white subjects, the black subjects had a smaller overall weight loss. CrossRef 72 S. P. Sarwer. (2014) Factors associated with choice of a low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet during a behavioral weight loss intervention. Acheson. (2014) Questionnaire survey on lifestyle of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. A. Modi, Arumugam Muruganathan, Banshi Saboo, Rakesh Sahay, Rajesh Upadhyay. Veldhorst, Klaas R. (2012) Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors. CrossRef 31 Td Noakes. Keogh, P. CrossRef 44 Adana AM Llanos, Jessica L Krok, Juan Peng, Michael L Pennell, Susan Olivo-Marston, Mara Z Vitolins, Cecilia R DeGraffinreid, Electra D Paskett. Turner, William S. 6 The subjects assigned to the low-fat diet received instruction in accordance with the obesity-management guidelines of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 7 including caloric restriction sufficient to create a deficit of 500 calories per day, with 30 percent or less of total calories derived from fat. (2011) Comparison of high protein and high fiber weight-loss diets in women with risk factors for the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. Dalton-Bakes, Monique Dowd, Catherine Williams-Smith, Serena Cardillo, Thomas A. Segal-Isaacson, Richard D. C. (2011) Increased ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein shifts the focus of metabolic signaling from skeletal muscle to adipose. Krebs, Damon Bell, Rosemary Hall, Amber Parry-Strong, Paul D. CrossRef 33 Harry Preuss, Jeffrey Preuss. Buckley, P. CrossRef 138 Samuel Klein, Elisa Fabbrini, Johannes A. (2014) Nutritional Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity and Pharmacologic Therapies to Facilitate Weight Loss. Popular diets: correlation to health, nutrition, and obesity. Griffin, Stephen Colagiuri. Santos, S. (2013) Liver disease and malnutrition. CrossRef 121 Andrea Siebenhofer, Klaus Jeitler, Andrea Berghold, Andreas Waltering, Lars G Hemkens, Thomas Semlitsch, Christoph Pachler, Reinhard Strametz, Karl Horvath, Andrea Siebenhofer. Kimmel for their detailed review of and comments on the manuscript. CrossRef 112 J. CrossRef 135 EW Derman, S Whitesman, M Dreyer, DN Patel, CJ Nossel, EV Lambert, MP Schwellnus. New York: Academic Press, 1977. Lim, M. Figure 2 Weight Changes during 2 Years According to Diet Group. Subjects received a diet-overview handout, instructional nutrition labels, sample menus and recipes, and a book on counting calories and carbohydrates. Analyses from which these subjects were excluded still revealed greater improvements in insulin sensitivity and triglyceride levels on a carbohydrate-restricted diet than on a fat- and calorie-restricted diet. M. Dashti, Sami Asfar, Naji Al-Zaid, Hussein M. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45:3, 581-604. (2013) Methionine and choline regulate the metabolic phenotype of a ketogenic diet. Erkrankungen des Stoffwechsels. (2016) Long-Term Effects of a Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing High Protein or High Carbohydrate Weight Loss Diets on Testosterone, SHBG, Erectile and Urinary Function in Overweight and Obese Men. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that severely obese subjects with a high prevalence of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome lost more weight during six months on a carbohydrate-restricted diet than on a calorie- and fat-restricted diet. 2015. CrossRef 59 Pavlos Pissios, Shangyu Hong, Adam Richard Kennedy, Deepthi Prasad, Fen-Fen Liu, Eleftheria Maratos-Flier. (2011) Incremental Weight Loss Improves Cardiometabolic Risk in Extremely Obese Adults. (2012) Comparison of the effects of 52 weeks weight loss with either a high-protein or high-carbohydrate diet on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese males. (2010) Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no-intervention control. CrossRef 18 Jihyun Seo, Hyesun Ma, Sunghee Kim, Jiyoung Kim, Minseo Shin, Yoon Jung Yang. Effects of Different Dietary Fibers on Sugar-Induced Blood Pressure Elevations in Hypertensive Rats: Focus on Viscosity. Dietary protein and weight reduction: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. 2014. CrossRef 88 Shelley Kirk, Bonnie Brehm, Brian E. (2013) Weight Loss Maintenance in African American Women: A Systematic Review of the Behavioral Lifestyle Intervention Literature. Cheskin. CrossRef 55 Marta Focardi, Andrea Picchi, Sandra Donnini, Matteo Cameli, Marina Ziche, Mario Marzilli, Sergio Mondillo. Hammond. CrossRef 115 Suzanne Phelan, Kris Jankovitz, Todd Hagobian, Barbara Abrams. Romijn. We used stratified randomization, with blocking within strata, to ensure that each group would contain approximately equal numbers of women, subjects with diabetes, and severely obese subjects (body-mass index, 40 or higher). Fridell. D. 7 Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults -- the evidence report: executive summary. (2010) A 24-week randomised controlled trial comparing usual care and metabolic-based diet plans in obese adults. E. a Low-fat Diet in Obese, Diabetic Participants. (2010) Long-term effects of weight loss with a very low carbohydrate and low fat diet on vascular function in overweight and obese patients. Strategies for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. J. (2011) Lupin and soya reduce glycaemia acutely in type 2 diabetes. Cheung. P. Geoffry Chase. Conclusions Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate diets may be effective alternatives to low-fat diets. Grubb. Future studies evaluating long-term cardiovascular outcomes are needed before a carbohydrate-restricted diet can be endorsed. However, other potential explanations include the simplicity of the diet and improved compliance related to the novelty of the diet. CrossRef 143 Chung-Jung Chiu, Allen Taylor. J. Weickert. Clifton. (2010) Dietary energy source and physical conditioning affect insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in horses. (2010) A High-Protein Diet With Resistance Exercise Training Improves Weight Loss and Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. (2010) Dietary Approaches to Obesity. (2012) Targeting insulin inhibition as a metabolic therapy in advanced cancer: A pilot safety and feasibility dietary trial in 10 patients. PRATT-PHILLIPS, L. Gospodaryov, B. A Guide to Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome, 283-360. Sparano. CrossRef 45 Mujeeb Sheikh, Mangeet Chahal, Jayme Rock-Willoughby, Blair P. (2012) The Carnivore Connection Hypothesis: Revisited. Noakes, J. L. (2013) Improvements in Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Sensitivity with a Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in hypertensive patients. CrossRef 122 Gal Dubnov-Raz, Elliot M. Ditschuneit. During the study, there were no changes in lipid-lowering therapy in the low-fat group, whereas two subjects on the low-carbohydrate diet started taking a statin and one stopped taking a statin. Each diet group was assigned a registered dietitian who led all six subgroups of that group. W. (2012) Tailoring dietary approaches for weight loss. Govan, N. (ClinicalTrials. 12 Linear regression and two-way analysis of covariance models were used to correct for potentially confounding variables and to identify interactions between variables and diet-group assignment. (2011) Successful weight loss and maintenance in everyday clinical practice with an individually tailored change of eating habits on the basis of food energy density. CrossRef 21 Deirdre K Tobias, Mu Chen, JoAnn E Manson, David S Ludwig, Walter Willett, Frank B Hu. (2011) Dietary approaches for polycystic ovary syndrome. In addition, more precise measurements of insulin sensitivity than we used would be needed to confirm this effect of a carbohydrate-restricted diet. McCubrey, D. Fitzgibbon, Angela Kong, Angela Odoms-Young. CrossRef 154 (2010) Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to protein and increase in satiety leading to a reduction in energy intake (ID 414, 616, 730), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 414, 616, 730), mai. E. Supported by funding from the Veterans Affairs Healthcare Network Competitive Pilot Project Grant. (2012) Preservation of Fat-Free Mass After Two Distinct Weight Loss Diets with and without Progressive Resistance Exercise. The criteria for eligibility were an age of 40 to 65 years and a body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of at least 27, or the presence of type 2 diabetes (according to the American Diabetes Association criteria 18 ) or coronary heart disease, regardless of age and BMI. CrossRef 12 David Houghton, Christopher Stewart, Christopher Day, Michael Trenell. Schoenfeld, Richard J. CrossRef 139 Hye Won Yom. Clifton. Discussion We found that severely obese subjects with a high prevalence of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome lost more weight in a six-month period on a carbohydrate-restricted diet than on a fat- and calorie-restricted diet. Spangler, Lukas Burget, Paul Pfluger, Claudia Reinel, Michael Czisch, Martin Reincke, Silvana Obici, Ellen Kienzle, Matthias H. 2012. Simpson. Sherwood. 12 Dawson-Saunders B, Trapp RG. T. 2012. M. J. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. (2015) Low Carbohydrate Rather Than Low Fat Is More Important in Dietary Management of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. CrossRef 125 Volker Schusdziarra, Margit Hausmann, Corina Wiedemann, Julie Hess, Cornelia Barth, Stefan Wagenpfeil, Johannes Erdmann. (2010) Efficacy of cholesterol uptake inhibition added to statin therapy among subjects following a low-carbohydrate diet: A randomized controlled trial. Attieh. CrossRef 84 Lisa Te Morenga, Jim Mann. CrossRef 28 Young Ran Lee. Feinman. Simpson, David Raubenheimer. 2011. Morris. M. e1-918. Methods Subjects The study was approved by the institutional review board at the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and an approved consent form was signed by each subject. P. (2012) Nutritional Modulation of Insulin Resistance. Shelke, R. (2013) Association of high carbohydrate versus high fat diet with glycated hemoglobin in high calorie consuming type 2 diabetics. Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions for Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome, 89-101. Mansour, Remi W. Berman, Nora Tomuta, Judith Wylie-Rosett, Stuart D. Ellis, Krista Casazza, Renee Desmond, Barbara A. Dietary treatment of the obese individual. Since the 29 subjects whose final weight was obtained from office records were weighed on a different scale from that used in the study, we performed a second analysis that included all subjects, with base-line weights carried forward for all 53 subjects who dropped out. (2012) Changes in Serum Lipids and Blood Glucose in Non Diabetic Patients with Metabolic Syndrome after Mixed Meals of Different Composition. Results The rate of adherence to a study diet was 95. Sievenpiper, Cyril W. CrossRef 162 T. Noakes, J. 12 We assessed the normality of the distribution of all variables before using the t-test. Leite, Ryan DeOgburn, Joseph Ratliff, Randy Su, Joan A. American Heart Journal 159, 918. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 31, 243-258. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 25, 371-376. Conclusions Severely obese subjects with a high prevalence of diabetes or the metabolic syndrome lost more weight during six months on a carbohydrate-restricted diet than on a calorie- and fat-restricted diet, with a relative improvement in insulin sensitivity and triglyceride levels, even after adjustment for the amount of weight lost. D. Tanaka, M. Other uncontrolled variables, such as the types of carbohydrates selected (e. CrossRef 14 Thomas Semlitsch, Klaus Jeitler, Andrea Berghold, Karl Horvath, Nicole Posch, Stephanie Poggenburg, Andrea Siebenhofer, Thomas Semlitsch. Katz. Methods We randomly assigned 132 severely obese subjects (including 77 blacks and 23 women) with a mean body-mass index of 43 and a high prevalence of diabetes (39 percent) or the metabolic syndrome (43 percent) to a carbohydrate-restricted (low-carbohydrate) diet or a calorie- and fat-restricted (low-fat) diet. (2016) Meat consumption providing a surplus energy in modern diet contributes to obesity prevalence: an ecological analysis. CrossRef 36 (2014) Expert panel report: Guidelines (2013) for the management of overweight and obesity in adults. 2016. The high dropout rate in our study occurred very early and affected our findings. D. Hunter. Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 147-178. Hodgson. Lushchak, D. Fukui. Perkhulyn, V. e6. (2010) Behavioral and pharmacologic therapies for obesity. CrossRef 130 Mara Smith, Nina Politzer, Debra MacGarvie, Mary-Pat McAndrews, Martin del Campo. Ard, Gary Miller, Scott Kahan. Jones, Rekha Kumar, Ralph La Forge, Varman T. Cleanthous, J. (2011) Set-Point Theory and Obesity. GEOR. gov number, NCT00160108. CrossRef 144 Suzanne Devkota, Donald K Layman. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 2 mm Hg and 1 mm Hg, respectively, in the low-carbohydrate group. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 30, 18-53. Relationships between insulin resistance and lipoproteins in nondiabetic African Americans, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. CrossRef 41 A. CrossRef 46 O. Although greater weight loss could not entirely account for the greater decrease in triglyceride levels and increase in insulin sensitivity in the low-carbohydrate group, we cannot definitively conclude that carbohydrate restriction alone accounted for this independent effect. L. , the proportion of complex carbohydrates or the ratio of carbohydrate to fiber), or other unknown variables may have contributed to this effect. ) Full Text of Discussion. Other data collected at enrollment and at six months included waist size, self-reported medical history, blood pressure, and glucose and serum lipid levels, measured in blood specimens obtained after an overnight fast (Synchron LX20 Clinical Chemistry System, Beckman Coulter). South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28:1, 19-33. Data were analyzed with Nutribase Management software (CyberSoft). CrossRef 167 Michael Freemark. (2011) The Optimal Dietary Fat to Carbohydrate Ratio to Prevent Obesity in the Japanese Population: A Review of the Epidemiological, Physiological and Molecular Evidence. Lustig. Media in This Article Figure 1 Enrollment of the Participants and Completion of the Study. B. Asano, M. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). CrossRef 153 S. Future studies should explore whether greater weight loss in this population can be achieved by more effective incorporation of culturally sensitive dietary counseling. Headley. 2015. CrossRef 107 Martin O. Bregman, Hera Ashfaq, Umar Khayyam, Nayyar Iqbal. (2012) Dietary Protein Intake and Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Lankarani, Seyed Moayed Alavian. Nutrition: Its Relevance in Development and Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome. Furthermore, the high dropout rate and the small overall weight loss demonstrate that dietary adherence was relatively low in both diet groups. Garg. Abstract Background Trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of weight-loss diets are frequently limited by short follow-up times and high dropout rates. Adverse Reactions One subject on the low-carbohydrate diet was hospitalized with chest pain, which was ultimately determined to be unrelated to myocardial ischemia. 2012. Fukuda, C. (2012) Effect of low-calorie versus low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes. For analyses of changes in dietary intake, serum lipid levels, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity, we included all subjects, with base-line values carried forward for subjects who dropped out of the study. Statistical Analysis The primary end point was weight loss at six months. Carnes, Jonathan A. (2013) Acute effects of different diet compositions on skeletal muscle insulin signalling in obese individuals during caloric restriction. (2011) Reducing excessive gestational weight gain: lessons from the weight control literature and avenues for future research. CrossRef 98 (2012) Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for protein. CrossRef 63 K J Acheson. B. M. (2013) Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: A consensus statement from the National Lipid Association. (2016) Nutrition Interventions for Obesity. Bonomi, Sofie G. Fiber, Protein, and Lupin-Enriched Foods: Role for Improving Cardiovascular Health. Rebholz, E. 2013. 2011. CrossRef 77 F. Childhood Obesity. CrossRef 147 Margriet A. Hashimoto, T. B. In comparison, one subject in the low-fat group had a dose reduction in insulin and one subject began oral therapy. (2013) Hydrogen Peroxide Mediates Endothelium-Dependent Dilation of Coronary Arterioles in Obese Rats on a Low-Carbohydrate Diet. The carbohydrate-restricted diet led to greater improvements in insulin sensitivity that were independent of weight loss and a greater reduction in triglyceride levels in subjects who lost more than 5 percent of their base-line weight. There was no clinically significant change in the uric acid level in either group ( Table 4 ). Kendall. 5 No specific exercise program was recommended. M. CrossRef 128 Lisa Te Morenga, Jim Mann. (2010) Effects of a Low-intensity Intervention That Prescribed a Low-carbohydrate vs. A. Westerterp-Plantenga. e1. New York: Warner Books, 2000:434. (2010) In the face of contradictory evidence: Report of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Committee. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology 5, 51-68. D. This finding should be interpreted with caution, given the small magnitude of overall and between-group differences in weight loss in these markedly obese subjects and the short duration of the study. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 00-00. Y. (2012) Associations between fat, sugar and other macronutrient intakes in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. All P values were two-sided, and a P value of 0. Yancy Jr, J. (2013) Consumption of a low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet (the ketogenic diet) exaggerates biotin deficiency in mice. Obesity. D. CrossRef 29 Yoo-Min An, Dae Won Jun, Seung Min Lee. 2010. J. Raubenheimer, S. (2012) Compliance of a Small Convenience Sample and Efficacy of Short Term Modified Carbohydrate Diet on Weight Loss in Overweight College Students: A Pilot Study. Although many subjects were receiving antihypertensive therapy at base line ( Table 1 ), none had a change in this therapy during the study. (2013) Positive effect of mushrooms substituted for meat on body weight, body composition, and health parameters.
